Lantern Parade

sobrang haba ng nilkaran namin kanina tapos sobrang init pa.. nakakapagod talaga!!  pero okiee lang nakita ko naman ung mga dati kong kaklase eh!

hay!! kapagod.. kakauwi ko lng galing school. ang hirap ng mga prelim .. hohhohoho!!! malapit na ang Christmas magbabakasyon na rin sa wakas !

monday..

hahaha.. kumain nanaman kami nila jovi , alodia at donna ng isaw lagi kaming sabay umuuwi eh!! 

hayyy... ngayon lng uli ako nagupdate nito.. buti naalala ko pa to ngayon. Wala naman ako mahalagang sasabihin kaya bye !

periodical test !!

ang hirap ng periodical.... grabe !!!..mabuti namn at natapos na..

ahhh...

anu ba yan ?! WALA MAN sem break.. daredaretsyo yung pasok... :(

prelims...

naku po ! ang baba ng mga scores ko sa mga prelims ... pero d bale bawi na lng sa perio kung makakabawe hahaha ... :)

yeyz!!!

yehey !! wala  na namang pasook bukas ... may oras na naman para review para sa prelim sa sci tech, ict,soc stud , stat at english at filipino .... ang dami naman .. haha :) d ko pa pala nahahanap ung kanta sa pehm. katagal ko na yun sinisearch ... huhu :) ayy, wait meron p ko kikwento nagpunta pa pala kami ni mica sa ministop habang ngaanty kami ng service . Nagperform na nga rn pla kami kanina sa  earth sci hihi ang saya naman...

namane kare chature

anu ba yyan! bakit d ko makita kita yang kantang namane kare chture... ang tagal ko na yan hinahanap ah..........

bagyo!!

hay.... ang tagal naming walang pasok dahil sa mga bagyo.. pero ok lng napahaba ang pagrereview para sa prelim  hehe...

Microsoft to open office

ms word-writer
ms excel-calc
ms paint- draw
ms powerpoint-impress
ms publisher- base

i feeeeel goood.... nanananana!!

malapit na ang periodical .....

happy weekends!!!

VIRUS

**

VIRUS -

Very Important Resource Under Siege (slang)

CHAPTER 3 : LESSON 3

Lesson 3 : PC CARE AND SAFETY PROCEDURES              
  How to take care of your PC
1.    Place the computer in cool and dry place .
2.    All the cables and connectors must be tied together to keep them away from walkways and avoid accidents .
3.    Avoid eating in front of computer.
4.    Always use an AVR (automatic voltage regulator) to regulate the electricity.
5.    Do not bump or drop the computer components as any damage may cause them to malfunction.
6.    Avoid clutter around your computer. Use soft cloth in cleaning your computer to avoid scratches.
7.    Always scan for computer viruses.

User’s health risks and prevention

Good working habits
  > Tap on the keys and mouse buttons gently.
> avoid long, uninterrupted periods of typing.
> avoid staring at the monitor.

Proper Workstation Design
>    Position in a well ventilated , comfortable room.
>    Use an adjustable workstation and an ergonomic computer chair.
>   Place the monitor 16 to 24 inches away, at eye level or slightly at a lower angle.
>    Use extendable / retractable legs of the keyboard.
>    Place mouse where it is easily accessible by your dominant hand.
>    Use a document holder to minimize vertical head movements.

Three idiots

Farhan Qureshi (R. Madhavan), Raju Rastogi (Sharman Joshi), and Rancchoddas Shamaldas Chanchad "Rancho" (Aamir Khan) are three engineering students who share a room in a hostel at the Imperial College of Engineering (ICE). Farhan is studying engineering to pursue his father's wishes over his own wish — to become a wildlife photographer. Raju is studying to raise his family's fortunes while Rancho, driven by his passion for machines and devices, studies for joy of it. However, due to this different approach Rancho incurs the wrath of dean of college, Professor Viru "Virus" Shahastrabuddhe (Boman Irani). Virus labels Rancho and his friends as "idiots" and attempts on a number of occasions to break up Rancho's friendship with Farhan and Raju. In contrast, Virus' favorite student, Chatur "Silencer" Ramalingam, (Omi Vaidya) believes in mindless memorizing over understanding, in order to reach his goals of corporate and social status. Meanwhile, Rancho also falls in love with Virus' medical student daughter Pia (Kareena Kapoor) when he, Raju and Farhan crash her sister's wedding banquet in order to get a free meal, in the process further infuriating Virus.

Things further escalate when the three friends, who are already drunk, break into Virus' house at night to allow Rancho to propose to Pia, and then urinate on a door inside the compound before running away. The next day, Virus threatens to expel Raju unless he squeals on Rancho. Not wanting to betray his friend or let down his family, Raju jumps out of the third floor window and ends up in a coma. Following his recovery, Raju takes an unexpected approach for an interview for a corporate job whilst Farhan decides to pursue his love of photography. The two friends succeed with their tasks and this further enfuriates Virus, causing him to come up with a plan that will jeopardize Raju's job. During this process, Pia overhears this and decides to help Rancho and Farhan by providing them with the keys to her father's office. However, Virus catches them and expels them on the spot. After that Pia angrily confronts him, revealing that his son, Pia's brother, committed suicide when he could not get into ICE, like Virus wanted him to. At the same time Viru's pregnant elder daughter Mona (Mona Singh) goes into labour. A heavy storm cuts all power and traffic, and Pia is in self-imposed exile because of her revealing of her brother's actions. She instructs Rancho to deliver the baby in the college common room via VOIP. After the baby is apparently stillborn, Rancho resuscitates the baby. Virus reconciles with Rancho and his friends, and allows the trio to stay for their final exams.

Their story is framed as intermittent flashbacks from the present day, ten years after Chatur promised to become more successful than Rancho. Having lost contact with Rancho, who disappeared during the graduation party and went into seclusion, Raju and Farhan begin a journey to find him. They are joined by Chatur, now a wealthy and successful businessman, who joins them, brazenly confident that he has surpassed Rancho and also looking to seal a deal with a famous scientist and prospective business associate named Phunsukh Wangdu. When they find Rancho's house in Shimla, they find a completely different Rancho (Jaaved Jaffrey). From him they come to know that their friend was a destitute servant boy "Chhote" who loved learning, while he, the real Rancho, disliked study. The family agreed to let the servant boy study in Rancho's place instead of labouring. In return, the real Rancho would pocket the qualifications and after graduating, the servant boy will cease all contact. The real Rancho reveals that Chhote is now a school-teacher in Ladakh.

Raju and Farhan find Pia and arrive in Rancho’s school. Pia and the fake Rancho rekindle their love, while Chatur mocks Rancho for becoming a school teacher. He asks Rancho to sign on a "Declaration of defeat" document. When Rancho's friends ask for his real name is, he reveals that he is actually Phunsukh Wangdu himself. Chatur finds out about this and is horrified; he accepts his defeat and pleads his case with Phunsukh to establish the business relationship he was after.a

Different Types of Computers

Computers have revolutionized all types of industries. They have proved a boon to mankind. What are the different types of computers? To know them all, read on…

A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we were able to achieve an efficient storage and processing of data; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for storage of the information. Owing to computers, we have been able speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work output. The computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing powers and sizes of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us look at the classification of computers.

Different types of Computers

Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog computers and hybrid computers.

Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.

Following are some of the other important types of computers.

Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.

Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called as personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and serve as the best choices for single-user tasks.

Personal computers come in a variety of forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants. Let us look at each of these types of computers.

Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relative lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in workplaces and households.

Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Its portability and capacity to operate on battery power have served as a boon for mobile users.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be effectively used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.

Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful minicomputer.

Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.
Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users’ hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers are consistently in operation as they do not have to be turned on and off and are constantly interacting with the user.

These were some of the different types of computers available today. Looking at the rate of the advancement in technology, we can definitely look forward to many more types of computers in the near future.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Abacus
The earliest known device to record computations was the abacus. It dates back to ancient times and was invented by the Chinese. Ten beads were strung onto wires attached to a frame. Addition and subtraction were read from the final positions of the beads. It was considered the first manual tool used in calculating answers to problems that provided information and in a primitive way storing the results.
Mechanical Clock
During the Middle Ages the first closed system in terms of calculating information was invented by use of a mechanical clock. The parts of the clock calculated the time of day. The time was displayed through the position of two hands on its face. The inventor pre-programmed the clock instructions through the manner in which the pull of the weights and the swing of the pendulum with the movement of the gears established the position of the hands on the clock face.
Mathematics
John Napier (Scotsman mid 1600s) discovered logarithms. He devised a system where he put the logarithms on a set of ivory rods called "Napier’s Bones". By sliding the numbers up and down he invented a very primitive slide rule. Robert Bissaker perfected the system by placing numbers on sliding pieces of wood rather than ivory.
Blaise Pascal
(1642) developed the first real calculator. Addition and subtraction were carried out by using a series of very light rotating wheels. His system is still used today in car odometers which track a car’s mileage.
Gottfried van Leibnitz
(German mathematician) In 1690 Leibnitz developed a machine that could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and calculate square roots. The instructions were programmed into the machine. Programming was accomplished through the use of gears. The drawback to this machine was that the instructions could not be changed without changing the whole machine.
Joseph Jacquard
(early 1800’s) Jacquard developed a loom controlled by punched cards. The cards were made of cardboard which were programmed with instructions. Each card represented a loop, and the machine read the cards as they were passed over a series of rods. The loom was the early ancestor of the IBM punched card.
Charles Babbage
(1812) Babbage was a genius of a man who saw few of his inventions actually built. He designed and built a model of what was called the difference engine. This invention was designed to perform calculations without human intervention. The ultimate goal of the machine was to have the machine calculate logarithm tables and print the results. Babbage was so far ahead of the times that the technology was not in place to manufacture the parts for his machine so he was only able to build a small model. In 1833, Babbage then designed the analytic engine. This machine had many of the same parts that could be found in modern day computers. It had an arthmetic unit which performed calculations. Another part of the computer was called the "store" which stored intermediate and final results and instructions. This was completed for each stage of calculation. It was to get its instructions from punched cards and worked through mechanical means. The machine would be able to perform any calculation. Before the machine could be made Babbage died. His son built a small model of the work that still exists today. Babbage became known as the father of the modern day computers.
Dr. Herman Hollerith
(late 1800 statistician) Hollerith used the punched card method to process data gathered in the census. The previous census had taken seven years to complete because of the large amount of data collected that needed to be processed. By developing the Hollerith code and a series of machines which could store census data on cards, he was able to accomplish the accounting of the census in two and a half years with an additional two million pieces of data added. His code was able to sort the data according to the needs of the United States Government. He was known for developing the first computer card and accomplishing the largest data processing endeavor undertaken at the time. Hollerith set up the Tabulating Machine Company which manufactured and marketed punched cards and equipment to the railroads. The railroads used the equipment to tabulate freight schedules. In 1911, the Tabulating Machine Company merged with other companies to form the International Business Machine Corporation (IBM).
William Burroughs
(late 1890’s) designed the mechanical adding machine. The machine operated by way of a crank and was key driven. The Burroughs Adding Machine Company was to become one of the giants of the computer industry. His machine could record, calculate, and summarize. Today, Burroughs has merged with UNISYS which builds computers.
The Years from 1900-1940
During the next forty years, more of the adding, calculating, and tabulating machines were developed. Eventually the machines evolved to a point where they could multiply, interpret the alphabetic data, recordkeeping, and other accounting functions. They were called accounting machines.
Howard Aiken
(1944) The Mark I ,through a collaboration with Harvard University, IBM, and the U.S. War Department, was developed to handle a large amount of number crunching. The complex equation solving that was needed to map logistics in the military was the driving force behind this project. ( The United States was at war with Germany.) The Mark I was the first automatic calculator. It was not electronic, but did use electromagnetic relays with mechanical counters. It was said that when it ran the clicking sound was unbearable. Paper tape with hole punched in it provided the instruction sets, and the output was returned through holes punched in cards.
J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
(ENIAC, 1946 University of Pennsylvania) The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was an electronic computer sponsored by the war department. It was classified because of war purposes. The ENIAC was so large that it took up a room ten feet high by about ten feet wide and several hundred feet in length. It could perform multiplication in the 3/1000 of a second range. There were 18,000 vacuum tubes in the machine and instructions had to be fed into the machine by way of switches because there was no internal memory within the machine.
Jon Von Neumann
(late 1940’s) devised a way to encode instructions and data in the same language. This paved the way for computer instructions to be stored in the computer itself. He was the forced behind the development of the first stored-program computer.
A Race Between the EDVAC and the EDSAC
Two groups of individuals were working at the same time to develop the first stored-program computer. In the United States, at the University of Pennsylvania the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was being worked on. In England at Cambridge, the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) was also being developed. The EDSAC won the race as the first stored-program computer beating the United States’ EDVAC by two months. The EDSAC performed computations in the three millisecond range. It performed arithmetic and logical operations without human intervention. The key to the success was in the stored instructions which it depended upon solely for its operation. This machine marked the beginning of the computer age.

First Generation (1951-1958)

John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
(1951) The first generation of computers started with the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) built by Mauchly and Eckert. It was sold to the U.S. Census Bureau. This machine was dedicated to business data processing and not military or scientific purposes.
Characteristics of First Generation Computers
Use of vacuum tubes in electronic circuits: These tubes controlled internal operations and were huge. As a consequence the machines were large.
Magnetic drum
as primary internal-storage medium: Electric currents passed through wires which magnetized the core to represent on and off states
Limited main-storage capacity:
Slow input/output, punched-card-oriented: Operators performed input and output operations through the use of punched cards.
Low level symbolic-language programming: The computer used machine language which was cumbersome and accomplished through long strings of numbers made up of Zeroes and Ones. In 1952, Dr. Grace Hopper (University of Pennsylvania) developed a symbolic language called mnemonics (instructions written with symbolic codes). Rather than writing instructions with Zeroes and Ones, the mnemonics were translated into binary code. Dr. Hopper developed the first set of programs or instructions to tell computers how to translate the mnemonics.
Heat and maintenance problems: Special air-conditioning and maintenance were required of the machines. The tubes gave off tremendous amounts of heat.
Applications: payroll processing and record keeping though still oriented toward scientific applications thatn business data processing.
Examples: IBM 650 UNIVAC I

Second Generation Computers (1959-1964)

Characteristics of Second Generation Computers

Use of transitors for internal operations: tiny solid state transitors replace vacuum tubes in computers. The heat problem was then minimized and computers could be made smaller and faster.

Magnetic core as primary internal-storage medium: Electric currents pass through wires which magnetize the core to represent on and off states.Data in the cores can be found and retrieved for processing in a few millionths of a second.

Increased main-storage capacity: The internal or main storage was supplemented by use of magnetic tapes for external storage. These tapes substituted for punched cards or paper. Magnetic disks were also developed that stored information on circular tracks that looked like phonograph records. The disks provided direct or random access to records in a file.

Faster input/output; tape orientation: Devices could be connected directly to the computer and considered "on-line". This allowed for faster printing and detection and correction of errors.

High-level programming languages (COBOL,FORTRAN) : These languages resembled English. FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was the first high-level language that was accepted widely. This language was used mostly for scientific applications. COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) was developed in 1961 for business data processing. Its main features include: file-processing, editing, and input/output capabilites.

Increased speed and reliability: Modular-hardware was developed through the design of electronic circuits. Complete modules called "breadboards" could be replaced if malfunctions occurred, or the machine "crashed". This decreased lost time and also new modules could be added for added features such as file-processing, editing , and input/output features.

Batch-oriented applications:billing, payroll processing, updating and inventory files: Batch processing allowed for collection of data over a period time and then one processed in one computer run. The results were then stored on magnetic tapes.

Examples:IBM 1401*(most popular business-oriented computer. Honeywell 200 CDC 1604

Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)

Characteristics of Third Generation Computers:
Use of integrated circuits: The use of integrated circuits (Ics) replaced the transitors of the second-generation machines. The circuits are etched and printed and hundreds of electronic components could be put on silicon circuit chips less than one-eighth of an inch square.
Magnetic core and solid-state main storage: Greater storage capacity was developed.
More flexibility with input/output; disk-oriented:
Smaller size and better performance and reliability: Advances in solid-state technology allowed for the design and building of smaller and faster computers. Breadboards could easily be replaced on the fly.
Extensive use of high-level programming languages: The software industry evolved during this time. Many users found that it was more cost effective to buy pre-programmed packages than to write the programs themselves. The programs from the second generation had to be rewritten since many of the programs were based on second generation architecture.
Emergence of minicomputers: The mini computers offered many of the same features as the mainframe computers only on a smaller scale. These machines filled the needs of the small business owner.
Remote processing and time-sharing through communication: Computers were then able to perform several operations at the same time. Remote terminals were developed to communicate with a central computer over a specific geographic location. Time sharing environments were established.
Availability of operating-systems(software) to control I/O and do tasks handled by human operators: Software was developed to take care of routine tasks required of the computer freed up the human operator.
Applications such as airline reservation systems, market forcasting, credit card billing: The applications also included inventory, control, and scheduling labor and materials. Multitasking was also accomplished. Both scientific and business applications could be run on the same machine.
Examples: IBM System/360 NCR 395 Burroughs B6500

Fourth Generation (1970-)

Characteristics of Fourth Generation Computers:
Use of large scale integrated circuits
Increased storage capacity and speed.
Modular design and compatibility between equipment
Special application programs
Versatility of input/ output devices
Increased use of minicomputers
Introduction of microprocessors and microcomputers
Applications: mathematical modeling and simulation, electronic funds transfer, computer-aided instruction and home computers. Internet Explosion.

1970. Control Data Corporation: STAR 100 computer which has a vector based design. Information is processed as vectors instead of numbers. This allows for faster speed when problems are processed in vector form. Charles A. Burrus develops the (LED) light-emitting diode. RCA develops (MOS) technology, a metal-oxide semiconductor for the making of integrated circuits, making them cheaper and faster to produce. The circuits can also be made smaller.
1971. Texas Instruments introduces the first pocket calculator the Pocketronic. It can add subtract, multiply and divide. It costs around $150.
1972. Odyssey developed by Magnavox(first video game).Intel develops the first 8-bit microprocessor chip the 8008. (Used in the Mark-8 personal mini-computer). Nolan Bushnell invents a video game with a liquid crystal screen. The toy is called Pong. Bushnell founds Atari.
1973. Using LSI (large scale integration) ten thousand components are placed on a chip of 1 square inch.
1974. Hewlett Packard introduces the programmable pocket calculator. David Ahl develops a microcomputer consisting of a video display, keyboard and central processing unit. D-RAM (dynamic random access becomes commercially available and will be used in the first personal computers.
1975. Edward Roberts introduces the first personal computer call the Altair 8800 in kit form. It has 256 bytes of memory.
1976. A computer chip with 16 kilobits (16,384 bits) of memory becomes commercially available. It will be used in the first IBM personal computer.
1977. Steve P. Jobs and Stephen Wozniak introduce the Apple II. The first personal computer in assembled form. Xerox introduces the Star 8010 and office computer based on the Alto developed a few years earlier. The first linked automatic teller machines (ATMs) are introduced in Denver.
1978. DEC introduces a 32-bit computer with a virtual address extension (VAX). It runs large programs and becomes an industry standard for scientific and technical systems. Its operating system is called a VMS. Intel introduces its first 16-bit processor the 8086. The 8088 is used in the central processing unit in their first PC.
1979. Control Data introduces Cyber 203 supercomputer. Motorola introduces the 68000 microprocessor chip. It is a 24-bit capacity chip for reading memory and can address 16 megabytes of memory. It will be the basis for the Macintosh computer developed by Apple. Steven Hofstein invents the field-effect transistor using metal oxide technology. (MOSFET)1881 IBM Personal Computer uses the industry standard disk operating system. (DOS)
1980. IBM introduces the 5120 microcomputer. It is not successful.
1981. Osborne builds the first portable computer in which disk drives, monitor, and processor are mounted in a single box. It is the size of a suitcase. Clive Sinclair develops the ZX81 which connects to a television receiver. Japanese produce 64 kilobit chips (65,536 bits) of memory which captures the world market.
1982. Columbia Data Products announces the first computer based on the IBM PC that run programs designed for the IBM machine and gets the name "clones". Compaq introduces its first IBM-PC clone that is portable. Japan starts a project nationally funded to develop a fifth generation computer based on artificial intelligence using the Prolog language.
1983. IBM’s PC-XT introduced. It is the first personal computer with a hard drive built into the computer. It can store 10 megabytes of information even when the machine is turned off. It replaces many floppy diskettes. The machine is updated using DOS 2.0. IBM introduces PC-JR a scaled down version of the IBM-PC. It is unsuccessful. Immos, (British company) develops a transputer which several processors are contained in one computer and they work simultaneously on the same problem. Intel introduces the 8080, and 8 bit microprocessor that replaces the 8008.
1984. Philips and Sony introduce the CD-ROM (compact disk ready-only memory) an optical disk that can store large amounts of information. Apple introduces the Macintosh, a graphics based computer that use icons, a mouse and an intuitive interface derived from the Lisa computer. IBM ‘s PC AT (advanced technology) computer designed around the 16 bit Intel 80286 processor chip and running at 6 MHz becomes the first personal computer to use a new chip to expand speed and memory. Motorola introduces the 68020 version of the 68000 series of microprocessors. It has a 32-bit processing and reading capacity. NEC manufactures computer chips in Japan with 256 kilobits (262,144) of computer memory. IBM introduces a megabit RAM (random access memory) chip with four times the memory of earlier chips.
1985. Microsoft develops Windows for the IBM-PC. Intel introduces the 80386, a 32-bit microprocessor. Masaki Togai and Hiroyuki Watanabe develop a logic chip that operates on fuzzy logic at Bell Labs.
1986. Compaq leaps past IBM by introducing the DeskPro, a computer that uses an advanced 32-bit microprocessor, the Intel 80386. It can run software faster than the quickest 16-bit computer. Terry Sejnowski at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore develops a neural network computer that can read text out loud without knowing any pronunciation rules. The first DAT (digital audio tape) recorders are developed in Japan.
1987. The Macintosh II and Macintosh SE made by Apple become the most powerful personal computers.Sega Electronics introduces a three dimensional video game. The images appear three-dimensional. Telephones become available on commercial airplanes. Computer chips are manufactured with a 1 megabyte (1000 kilobits or 1,048,576 bits) of computer memory. Japan also introduces an experimental 4 and 16 megabit chip.
1988. Motorola introduces it 32 bit 88000 series of RISC (reduced instruction set computing) microprocessors. They can operate much faster than conventional chips.Compaq and Tandy develop the EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture). Steven Jobs introduces the NeXT Computer System. It is a graphical-based system that includes 256 megabyte optical storage disk and 8 megabytes of RAM. Robert Morris develops a computer virus that is planted in the Internet and causes the whole system to go down for two days. Scriptel introduces a method for inputing data into a computer by writing on a screen.
1989. Japan initiates daily broadcasts of it analog version of high definition television. (HDTV). Philips and Sony bring the videodisk to the open market. Seymour Cray founds the Cray Computer Corporation.
1990. Bell Laboratories Alan Huang demonstrates the first all-optical processor. Hewlett Packard announces a computer with RISC processor. IBM later introduces the RS/6000 family of RISC workstations. Computer chips introduced with 4 megabit of computer memory. Intel introduces the i486 processor chip which can operate at 33 MHz. Intel also launches the iPSC/860 microprocessor that is designed for multiprocessor computers. Motorola introduces the 68040 version of its 68000 series of microprocessors. The chip has 1.2 million transistors. IBM develops a transistor that can operate at 75 billion cycles per second.
1991. The 64-megabyte dynamic random access memory chip is invented. (D-RAM)
1992. IBM develops the silicon insulator (SOI) bipolar transistor. It can operate at 20 GHz .
1993. Harry Jordan and Vincent Heuring develop the first general purpose-all optical computer capable of being programmed and manipulating instructions internally. Intel ships their Pentium processor to computer manufacturers. It is the fifth generation of the chip that powers the PC. The chip contains 3.1 million transistors and is twice a fast as the fourth generation 486DX2. Fujitsu in Japan announces of a 256 megabit memory chip.

1994 to the present. The world is changing rapidly and so is the explosion of information. The computer is an ever changing and evolving beast. Currently in 1998, the computers are at speeds of 400 MHz with harddrives averaging 6.4 gigabytes of memory. Components are becoming smaller and computers are becoming faster. Multimedia and webbased publishing are the current trends. There is a rush to incorporate networks and Internet access into the schools, and with the development of Internet II; virtual reality seems to becoming closer to a reality. Where will the future lead us next?

History of the Internet

The ARPANET evolved from a series of research experiments begun in late 1960s. (The premise for this researchwas a fear that a thermonuclear strike might knock out the military’s ability to communicate with its troops). The Department of Defense funded research on computer networking.The research was used to try and improve military communications.The project was called the Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA). A wide based area network called ARPANET resulted.)
Networks were very fragile. Just one computer being down would cause the whole network to come down. To provide better defense, the computers were kept decentralized, so that no main computer could be disabled. Inorder to make this happen, a computer protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP) was created. The protocol worked in a manner in which if information could not get to its destination through one route, then it would automatically be rerouted through another route.
How does this work? The communication is only between the computer sending the information and the computer receiving the information . The information required by the computers is very little. The network does not take care of the communication. It only provides the line or pipeline for information. The sending computer puts information in a packet.
The packet is enclosed in an Internet Protocol (IP) packet and adds the address to the receiving computer. All computers on the network are equal, no matter what the platform.
By 1980 ARPANET became the prototype Internet. There were 200 computers on the net. The Computer Science Network (CSNET) funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) was then added to ARPANET. By 1983, the defense department used this combined network as its primary communications network. The number of computers connected at that time then rose to 562. In 1984, a total of 1,024 computers were connected.
In 1985, NSFNET a new network was created by the National Science Foundation. It was created to link five supercomputer centers across the country. The ARPANET was then hooked up to it, using the same protocols. The net only lasted until 1986, because the network capacity was not large enough to hold both groups. THE ARPANET was shut down very quietly and no one even noticed since the Internet was a network of networks.
In 1987 Merit Network Inc. was given a contract to manage an upgrade a new network. The National Science Foundation helped with the funding to install a high speed network that used 56,000 bit per second (56 Kbps) telephone lines. This occurred in 1988. In 1988, 28,174 computers were on the Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000. In 1990- 290,000 computers were using the Internet.
In 1992 a new network was built to expand the Internet. This network forms the main trunk of what is the Internet today. Currently Internet II is under construction. For more information on this faster and amazing new Internet follow the link below.

cookfest

hayy!!grabe nakakapagod pero sobrang saya at saka 

ang sarap ng carbonara

thanks sa nag follow! 7 na followers ko ! hehe :)

Environmental Scanning in Power point Presentation

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/ramandev-834764-environmental-scanning/

INTELLIGENCE

Naturalist intelligence     
     I am nature smart because I take good care of our pet and our plants and  I am also a nature smart because I  like learning about nature.

Linguistic intelligence 

      I am linguistic intelligent because I always talk a lot and I enjoy reading , learning new words and telling stories.

Intrapersonal intelligence

      I like to spend time by myself and think things over and I often prefer to learn by trial and error.

Logical-mathematical intelligence 

      I am logical-mathematical intelligent because I love to solve puzzles and I can also budget my money.

Assignment: LOCAL ENTREPRENEURS

Julia Ramon Gandionco 

Julie was exposed to general management and human resources at Diegs' family's sugar plantation in Leyte. However, when this did not give enough income, her husband decided to join Pepsi based in Bohol. When Julie got pregnant, she moved back to Cebu and put up a sari-sari store (convenience store) and a sewing business. Her sewing business expanded but whenever Diegs would be relocated (to Zamboanga and Ormoc) she would go with him as well as their children and her sewing business, starting all over again.

When finally Diegs resigned from Pepsi, they went back to the plantation in Dumaguete which they also left behind when sugar market dropped along with their livelihood. They decided to go back to Cebu and there, Julie ventured into catering 3 canteens. Her canteens were popular with the bread they just order from bakeshops. One of the bakers suggested that she just open a bakeshop instead of ordering from others. Julie gave up her 3 canteens and thus came up the first Julie's Bakeshop in 1981. She was fifty years old.

Julie's Bakeshop already has 475 branches and outlets nationwide, the fruit of all the challenges she and her husband faced, determination and hardwork they have given.

Lucio Tan
Business Warrior With A Heart

     Lucio Tan (born July 17, 1934) is a prominent Filipino business magnate. He owns Asia Brewery, the 2nd largest brewer in the Philippines, Tanduay Holdings, one of the world's largest rum makers, Fortune Tobacco, the largest tobacco company in the country, Philippine Airlines, University of the East one of the most financially stable university in the Philippines in terms of assets, Philippine National Bank, the 5th largest bank in the country, Allied Bank the Philippines' 8th largest lender, Eton Properties Philippines the Global Real Estate brand of the Lucio Tan Group. These companies are just a few of some 300 companies that Mr. Tan controls. The total value of his business empire according to some estimates would not be less than US$20 billion, and he controls 40 to 60% of that.

Henry Lim Bon Liong 
President 
Sterling Paper Group of Companies 

     There's nothing that Henry values more than close relationships that can withstand difficult times. "During the time when all my other banks turned their backs on me, PBCom remained," he recalls. "When I was in need, the Bank was there. That is how I treasure my relationship with PBCom." 

     While the Sterling Paper Group is a big success story for 60 years now, it hasn't always been that way. The first few years were difficult. At a relative young age, Henry had to assume the presidency after his father, Lim Seh Leng, passed away. When the company's factory in Valenzuela burned down, other banks rejected his application to renew his credit line. At a time when he needed assistance the most to rehabilitate his plant and reinvigorate his business, PBCom was there to help. 
     At present, the Sterling Paper Group of Companies is an epitome of a well-run, highly-diversified venture. After finding success in paper products, Henry has turned his attention to agriculture, confident that he has the support he can count on."For generations, PBCom has supported our needs. In the same way, Sterling Paper Group has always been there for PBCom. It is a partnership that has grown over the years," he concludes.

ASSSIGNMENT : DO YOU UNDERSTAND? page 19

1.Do you think all the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur are equally important or are some more important than the others? Explain your answer.
    All the characteristics of a  successful entrepreneur are equally important because all of these enable us to do well in business and it also help us to become successful in other aspects of our life.

ASSIGNMENT page 6-9

What are the characteristics that helped James succeed?

                James is hardworking, confident, persevered, wise and clever

a.        How did James acquire his trait of being hardworking?

He came from a poor family but he want to be a professional woodworker so he work hard to reached it.

b.        What did he discover during his TLE classes in high school?

He discovered his skills in wood working

c.        What could have happened if James chose to work to another company rather than start his own business when he lost his first job?

It will take him a long time to be a successful owner of furniture companies.

Enumerate Marie’s characteristics that helped her become  entrepreneur

                Marie is hardworking, clever , creative and confident.

a.        What are the similarities between the stories of James and Marie?

Both of them are persevere to reach their dreams and now they are successful entrepreneurs.

b.        How did their educational training differ?

James did not able to go on college but Marie was able to go on to college.

c.        What made Marie’s business somewhat risky at first? How did she feel about it?

She decided to take a part time job as a freelance interior plants consultant. She was very happy to have discovered it.

d.        What common traits did Marie and James have  that helped them succeed as  entrepreneurs?

Both of them are hardworking, clever and confident.

ENTERTAINMENT

1.        SHARON CUNETA – Actress/ Commercial Model/ Franchiser

2.        MANNY PACQUIA – Boxer/ Congressman/ Businessman

3.        OSCAR LOPEZ – Owns ABS-CBN, controls media and broadcasting of his company

FOOD SERVICES

1.        EDGAR SIA – Owner Of Mang Inasal Restaurant

2.        JULIE GANDIONCIO – Owner of Julie’s Bakeshop

3.        ANTONINA CESAARIO – Owns Mila’s Lechon Restaurant

AGRICULTURE

1.        DANDING COJUANCO – Owns 6,000 hectares of farm in Negros/ CEO of San Miguel Corporation

2.        LITO ARENAS – Owns Mango farming in Pangasinan

3.        RODOLFO ABAS – Owns 100 hectares of land for corn farming

EDUCATION

1.        CARL BALITA – Owns review center

2.        PETER VALDEZ – Filipino Techno Entrepreneur

3.        RENATO P. LEGASPI – President of Central Luzon College Of Science and Technology, Olongapo City

    

.

ASSIGNMENT : Can You Understand? page 15

1:   Evaluate the different entrepreneurial characteristics under PECs. How do applying similar characteristics help us succeed in other areas of life? Explain your answer by giving examples.

A:   Applying the characteristics under PEC’s will help us deal with our problems easier. For example, as students if we develop our self confidence we can easily express ourselves and be competent in facing the social pressures and academic challenges that will come our way.

2:  Explain how having the Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies can help you become a successful entrepreneur.

A:  Using Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies as our guidelines or tools can make us successful because developing these attitude will help us achieve our purpose and our goals without difficulty and more quickly  as entrepreneurs.

ASSIGNMENT ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY page 10

      If I were an entrepreneur, I would be in the medical business because I want to serve people by selling and offering medicines that can help them be healthy and cure their diseases.

ASSIGNMENT #3

An entrepreneur has to have certain cultivated and inherent qualities in him or her in order to make a success of his or her venture. Not any person can be a successful businessman or woman. Hard work and determination to win have made many successful business people to reach their aspired goals.

Personal competencies of a successful businessman or woman

• Leadership qualities – A businessman or woman must be able to lead his or her staff members as well as other associates. He or she must be able to guide others in carrying out business and make a success of it.
• Decisive – A successful businessman or woman has to be very decisive. He or she has to take many decisions sometimes on the spur of the moment. Any vacillation in decisions could affect their business. They have to be very firm in their decisions. Also, while taking decisions they must not get influenced by others. They should be able to take decisions independently.
• Risk-taking – Business involves many risks, which a business person must not hesitate to take. Lot of financial involvement is there and obviously one has to be careful with investments. Yet risks have to be taken in money matters as well. Sometimes a businessman may lose out on his or her venture, but when he or she make a success of it then he or she has much to gain, both financially and from a personal satisfaction point of view.
• Confident – Achieving success in business requires confidence. A businessman or businesswoman has to be sure of him or herself about reaching the set targets of success. Diffidence does not help. Self-image is enhanced, when one is confident.
• Willingness – A businessman or woman must be willing to undertake any matters concerning their business venture. He or she must not hesitate for personal or other reasons. Willingness to extend a helping hand is very essential.
• Enterprising – One has to be enterprising in order to achieve significant results in business. He or she has to have the zeal to do things. A laid- back approach will not help.
• Innovative – New ideas help make a business venture successful. A successful businessman or woman must be innovative and always strive for something better. New concepts must be formulated and new ways of doing business must be thought of.

A businessman or woman has to very competent to achieve scale the ladder of success. Certain attributes are essential for him or her to establish their business on sound footing.

http://www.paggu.com/entrepreneurship/top-7-personal-competencies-of-an-entrepreneur/

ASSIGNMENT #2

Most of the food that is consumed is not eaten immediately after it is obtained. This creates a necessity to preserve the food and keep it from spoiling before it can be eaten. Different methods are used to ensure that food does not spoil..

 Refrigerators are an essential part of every  kitchen. While just about every home makes use of a refrigerator, most consumers know nothing about the history of refrigeration and the invention of the refrigerator.

Before mechanical refrigeration systems were introduced, people cooled their food with ice and snow, either found locally or brought down from the mountains. The first cellars were holes dug into the ground and lined with wood or straw and packed with snow and ice: this was the only means of refrigeration for most of history.

The first efforts that eventually led to the modern refrigeration process that continues to form the basis for the fridges that grace kitchens all over the world today. William Cullen of the University of Glasgow first developed a process to create an artificial cooling medium in 1748. At the time, there did not appear to be much interest in applying the medium to use in commercial or home applications, so the process created little in the way of interest beyond the scientific community. It would take the better part of a century before someone would apply the basic principles discovered by Cullen and create a design for a refrigerating machine.

Today, refrigerators are more of a necessity than a luxury. With needs for preservation, manufacturing, construction and comfort, refrigeration can be applied mainly to three different applications - domestic, commercial, and industrial refrigeration. Domestic refrigerators are used at home or offices to preserve food and keep drinks cool. Commercial refrigerators tend to be used at hotels, restaurants, stores, and large businesses. These facilities store, display, process, and dispense their products in refrigerators. Industrial refrigeration usually deals with manufacturing processes such as heat treatment, processing of food and textiles, photographic material and construction engineering. Applications such as ice plants, large food plants, oil refineries, and chemical plants are typically preserved or manufactured in industrial refrigerators. Often mistaken, many people believe that refrigerators lower original temperatures to cool the items in the fridge. Refrigerators actually contain an evaporating gas called a 'refrigerant'; this gas draws the heat away making the items, leaving them much cooler. A refrigerator typically includes two storage compartments, a frozen compartment and another compartment that requires refrigeration. Surrounded by heat-exchanging pipes and powered by a compressor, pure ammonia runs through the entire system. While the ammonia evaporates, the gas absorbs more heat, making the temperature rise. The cool ammonia then draws heat from the warmer items in the fridge but not as much from the freezer. After the gas is drawn back into the compressor, the entire cycle is run again. With numerous refrigerator manufactures such as Whirlpool, LG, Samsung and many more, several types of refrigerators are available in various sizes, colors, and designs. Portable refrigerators are also popular and are used in home bars, RVs, etc to store items in smaller quantities.

http://www.ehow.com/info_8336809_prevents-food-spoiling.html

http://www.wisegeek.com/who-invented-the-refrigerator.htm

http://popular.ebay.com/home-living/refrigerators.htm